memcached使用详解

memcached使用详解
一．memcached介绍
1.基于libevent的事件处理
libevent是一套跨平台的事件处理接口的封装，能够兼容包括这些操作系统：Windows/Linux/BSD/Solaris 等操作系统的的事件处理。
包装的接口包括：poll、select(Windows)、epoll(Linux)、kqueue(BSD)、/dev/pool(Solaris)
Memcached 使用libevent来进行网络并发连接的处理，能够保持在很大并发情况下，仍旧能够保持快速的响应能力。
libevent: http://www.monkey.org/~provos/libevent/

2.内置内存存储方式
为了提高性能，memcached中保存的数据都存储在memcached内置的内存存储空间中。由于数据仅存在于内存中，因此重启memcached、重启操作系统会导致全部数据消失。另外，内容容量达到指定值之后，就基于LRU(Least Recently Used)算法自动删除不使用的缓存。文章源自运维生存时间-https://www.ttlsa.com/memcache/memcached-description/

数据存储方式：Slab Allocation
结构图如下：

Slab Allocator的基本原理是按照预先规定的大小，将分配的内存分割成特定长度的块(chunk)，并把尺寸相同的块分成组，以完全解决内存碎片问题。但由于分配的是特定长度的内存，因此无法有效利用分配的内存。比如将100字节的数据缓存到128字节的chunk中，剩余的28字节就浪费了。
Page：分配给Slab的内存空间，默认是1MB。分配给Slab之后根据slab的大小切分成chunk。
Chunk：用于缓存记录的内存空间。
Slab Class：特定大小的chunk的组。
memcached根据收到的数据的大小，选择最适合数据大小的slab。
memcached中保存着slab内空闲chunk的列表，根据该列表选择chunk，然后将数据缓存于其中。文章源自运维生存时间-https://www.ttlsa.com/memcache/memcached-description/

数据过期方式：Lazy Expiration + LRU
Lazy Expiration
memcached内部不会监视记录是否过期，而是在get时查看记录的时间戳，检查记录是否过
期。这种技术被称为lazy（惰性）expiration。因此，memcached不会在过期监视上耗费CPU时间。
LRU
memcached会优先使用已超时的记录的空间，但即使如此，也会发生追加新记录时空间不
足的情况，此时就要使用名为 Least Recently Used（LRU）机制来分配空间。当memcached的内存空间不足时（无法从slab class 获取到新的空间时），就从最近未被使用的记录中搜索，并将其空间分配给新的记录。文章源自运维生存时间-https://www.ttlsa.com/memcache/memcached-description/

二．memcached安装
1.安装libevent
# wget http://www.monkey.org/~provos/libevent-2.0.11-stable.tar.gz
# tar zxvpf libevent-2.0.11-stable.tar.gz -C ../software/
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
# make
# make install文章源自运维生存时间-https://www.ttlsa.com/memcache/memcached-description/

2.安装memcached
# wget http://memcached.googlecode.com/files/memcached-1.4.5.tar.gz
# tar zxvf memcached-1.4.5.tar.gz -C ../software/
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/memcached-1.4.5 --with-libevent=/usr/local
# make
# make install文章源自运维生存时间-https://www.ttlsa.com/memcache/memcached-description/

3.相关错误以及解决方案
错误信息：
./memcached: error while loading shared libraries: libevent-2.0.so.5: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
解决方法：
# whereis libevent-2.0.so.5
libevent-2.0.so: /usr/local/lib/libevent-2.0.so.5
# ldd /usr/local/memcached-1.4.5/bin/memcached
libevent-2.0.so.5 => not found
libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (0x00000032f2600000)
libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00000032f1a00000)
/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00000032f1600000)
# LD_DEBUG=libs ./memcached -v
9873: find library=libevent-2.0.so.5 [0]; searching
9873: search cache=/etc/ld.so.cache
9873: search path=/lib64/tls/x86_64:/lib64/tls:/lib64/x86_64:/lib64:/usr/lib64/tls/x86_64:/usr/lib64/tls:/usr/lib64/x86_64:/usr/lib64 (system search path)
9873: trying file=/lib64/tls/x86_64/libevent-2.0.so.5
9873: trying file=/lib64/tls/libevent-2.0.so.5
9873: trying file=/lib64/x86_64/libevent-2.0.so.5
9873: trying file=/lib64/libevent-2.0.so.5
9873: trying file=/usr/lib64/tls/x86_64/libevent-2.0.so.5
9873: trying file=/usr/lib64/tls/libevent-2.0.so.5
9873: trying file=/usr/lib64/x86_64/libevent-2.0.so.5
9873: trying file=/usr/lib64/libevent-2.0.so.5
9873:
./memcached: error while loading shared libraries: libevent-2.0.so.5: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
搜索路径为：/lib64 /usr/lib64
因此做个软连接到/usr/lib64目录下：
# ln -s /usr/local/lib/libevent-2.0.so.5 /usr/lib64/libevent-2.0.so.5
# ldd /usr/local/memcached-1.4.5/bin/memcached
libevent-2.0.so.5 => /usr/lib64/libevent-2.0.so.5 (0x00002adde8270000)
libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (0x00000032f2600000)
libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00000032f1a00000)
librt.so.1 => /lib64/librt.so.1 (0x00000032f2a00000)
/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00000032f1600000)
可看出已经ok了。很多时候遇到找不到lib库的问题可以通过上面的方法来解决。文章源自运维生存时间-https://www.ttlsa.com/memcache/memcached-description/

三．启动memcached
1.memcached启动选项：
-p TCP监听端口 (default: 11211)
-U UDP 监听端口 (default: 11211, 0 is off)
-s UNIX socket监听路径，不支持网络
-a UNIX socket访问掩码, 八进制 (default: 0700)
-l <ip_addr> 监听的服务器IP地址 (default: all addresses)
-d 启动一个守护进程
-r 最大限度利用核心文件限制
-u 运行memcached用户
-m 最大的内存使用 (default: 64 MB)
-M 内存耗尽返回错误
-c 最大并发连接 (default: 1024)
-k 锁定所有分页内存
-v 输出警告和错误信息
-vv 同时打印客户端请求和返回信息
-vvv 打印内部状态转换信息
-i 打印memcached 和 libevent 版本信息
-P 设置保存pid文件, only used with -d option
-f 块大小增长倍数 (default: 1.25)
-n key+value+flags最小分配空间(default: 48)
-L 如何有效，尝试使用大内存页。增加内存页大小可以减少失误的TLB数量，提高性能。
-D 指定key和IDs的分隔符 default is ":" (colon). 如果指定此选项，统计信息收集自动开启;
-t 使用的线程数量 (default: 4)
-R 每个事件的最大请求数 (default: 20)
-C 禁止使用 CAS
-b 设置积压队列数限制 (default: 1024)
-B 绑定协议 - one of ascii, binary, or auto (default)
-I 分配给每个slab页(default: 1mb, min: 1k, max: 128m)文章源自运维生存时间-https://www.ttlsa.com/memcache/memcached-description/

2.启动
# ./memcached -d -m 500 -u root -l 192.168.50.10 -p 12000 -c 256 -P /tmp/memcached.pid -vvv
slab class 1: chunk size 96 perslab 10922
slab class 2: chunk size 120 perslab 8738
slab class 3: chunk size 152 perslab 6898
slab class 4: chunk size 192 perslab 5461
slab class 5: chunk size 240 perslab 4369
slab class 6: chunk size 304 perslab 3449
slab class 7: chunk size 384 perslab 2730
slab class 8: chunk size 480 perslab 2184
slab class 9: chunk size 600 perslab 1747
slab class 10: chunk size 752 perslab 1394
slab class 11: chunk size 944 perslab 1110
slab class 12: chunk size 1184 perslab 885
slab class 13: chunk size 1480 perslab 708
slab class 14: chunk size 1856 perslab 564
slab class 15: chunk size 2320 perslab 451
slab class 16: chunk size 2904 perslab 361
slab class 17: chunk size 3632 perslab 288
slab class 18: chunk size 4544 perslab 230
slab class 19: chunk size 5680 perslab 184
slab class 20: chunk size 7104 perslab 147
slab class 21: chunk size 8880 perslab 118
slab class 22: chunk size 11104 perslab 94
slab class 23: chunk size 13880 perslab 75
slab class 24: chunk size 17352 perslab 60
slab class 25: chunk size 21696 perslab 48
slab class 26: chunk size 27120 perslab 38
slab class 27: chunk size 33904 perslab 30
slab class 28: chunk size 42384 perslab 24
slab class 29: chunk size 52984 perslab 19
slab class 30: chunk size 66232 perslab 15
slab class 31: chunk size 82792 perslab 12
slab class 32: chunk size 103496 perslab 10
slab class 33: chunk size 129376 perslab 8
slab class 34: chunk size 161720 perslab 6
slab class 35: chunk size 202152 perslab 5
slab class 36: chunk size 252696 perslab 4
slab class 37: chunk size 315872 perslab 3
slab class 38: chunk size 394840 perslab 2
slab class 39: chunk size 493552 perslab 2
slab class 40: chunk size 616944 perslab 1
slab class 41: chunk size 771184 perslab 1
slab class 42: chunk size 1048576 perslab 1
使用12000端口，root用户，最大使用500M内存，253个并发连接，输出详细信息，以守护进程方式运行。
从输出信息可看出memcached分配内存的过程。文章源自运维生存时间-https://www.ttlsa.com/memcache/memcached-description/

四．安装php的memcache扩展
# wget http://pecl.php.net/get/memcache-2.2.6.tgz
# tar zxvf memcache-2.2.6.tgz -C ../software/
# /usr/local/php5.2.13/bin/phpize
# ./configure --enable-memcache --with-php-config=/usr/local/php5.2.13/bin/php-config --with-zlib-dir
# make
# make install文章源自运维生存时间-https://www.ttlsa.com/memcache/memcached-description/

编辑php.ini
# vim /usr/local/Zend/etc/php.ini
extension=/usr/local/php5.2.13/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-zts-20060613/memcache.so
extension=memcache.so文章源自运维生存时间-https://www.ttlsa.com/memcache/memcached-description/

五．查看memcached状态信息
1.telnet 192.168.50.10 12000文章源自运维生存时间-https://www.ttlsa.com/memcache/memcached-description/

2.memstat命令
需要安装libmemcached
# wget http://launchpad.net/libmemcached/1.0/0.49/+download/libmemcached-0.49.tar.gz
# tar zxvf libmemcached-0.49.tar.gz -C ../software/
# ./configure --with-memcached
# make
# make install
提供一下几个工具：
memcat - Copy the value of a key to standard output
memflush - Flush the contents of your servers.
memrm - Remove a key(s) from the server.
memstat - Dump the stats of your servers to standard output
memslap - Load generation utility (benchmark!)文章源自运维生存时间-https://www.ttlsa.com/memcache/memcached-description/

# memstat --server=192.168.50.10:12000
Server: 192.168.50.10 (12000)
pid: 26204
uptime: 8
time: 1306137602
version: 1.4.5
pointer_size: 64
rusage_user: 0.000999
rusage_system: 0.000999
curr_connections: 5
total_connections: 6
connection_structures: 6
cmd_get: 0
cmd_set: 0
cmd_flush: 0
get_hits: 0
get_misses: 0
delete_misses: 0
delete_hits: 0
incr_misses: 0
incr_hits: 0
decr_misses: 0
decr_hits: 0
cas_misses: 0
cas_hits: 0
cas_badval: 0
auth_cmds: 0
auth_errors: 0
bytes_read: 16
bytes_written: 15
limit_maxbytes: 524288000
accepting_conns: 1
listen_disabled_num: 0
threads: 4
conn_yields: 0
bytes: 0
curr_items: 0
total_items: 0
evictions: 0
reclaimed: 0文章源自运维生存时间-https://www.ttlsa.com/memcache/memcached-description/

3. memcached-tool
# ./memcached-tool 192.168.50.10:12000
# Item_Size Max_age 1MB_pages Count Full?
1 96 B 149761 s 1 2259 no
2 120 B 149692 s 1 318 no
3 152 B 147345 s 1 1 no
4 192 B 113194 s 1 105 no
5 240 B 82055 s 1 92 no
6 304 B 81829 s 1 195 no
7 384 B 87061 s 1 12 no
8 480 B 149783 s 1 10 no
9 600 B 127498 s 1 1 no
10 752 B 45682 s 34 39453 no
11 944 B 45684 s 17 17876 no
12 1.2 kB 53027 s 62 54796 no
13 1.4 kB 75019 s 1 246 no
14 1.8 kB 74749 s 1 406 no
15 2.3 kB 149917 s 1 21 no
16 2.8 kB 147832 s 1 24 no
17 3.5 kB 149802 s 1 7 no
18 4.4 kB 87529 s 1 6 no
19 5.5 kB 87529 s 1 27 no
20 6.9 kB 87531 s 1 6 no
21 8.7 kB 94683 s 1 5 no
22 10.8 kB 149594 s 1 7 no
23 13.6 kB 132613 s 1 5 no
24 16.9 kB 124454 s 1 1 no
25 21.2 kB 148060 s 1 3 no
26 26.5 kB 67672 s 1 3 no
27 33.1 kB 74285 s 1 3 no
28 41.4 kB 147603 s 1 1 no
29 51.7 kB 147903 s 1 1 no
含义如下：
# slab class编号
Item_Size chunk大小
Max_age LRU内最旧的记录的生存时间
1MB_pages 分配给slab的页数
Count slab内的记录数
Full？ Slab内是否含有空闲chunk文章源自运维生存时间-https://www.ttlsa.com/memcache/memcached-description/

六．memcached监控
Cacti监控：
# wget ftp://ftp.tummy.com/pub/python-memcached/python-memcached-latest.tar.gz
# tar zxvf python-memcached-latest.tar.gz -C ../software/
# cd ../software/python-memcached-1.47/
# yum install python-setuptools
# python setup.py install
# wget http://s1.dlnws.com/dealnews/developers/cacti-memcached-1.0.tar.gz
# tar zxvf cacti-memcached-1.0.tar.gz -C ../software/
# cd ../software/cacti-memcached-1.0/
# cp memcached.py /usr/local/cacti/scripts/
按照cacti添加节点添加新的监控主机。文章源自运维生存时间-https://www.ttlsa.com/memcache/memcached-description/

Nagios监控：
define command{
command_name check_memcached
command_line $USER1$/check_tcp -H $ARG1$ -p $ARG2$ -t $ARG3$ -E -s 'stats\r\nquit\r\n' -e 'uptime' -M crit
}文章源自运维生存时间-https://www.ttlsa.com/memcache/memcached-description/

define service{
use local-service
host_name XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX
service_description 192.168.1.1
check_command check_memcached!192.168.1.1!12000!5
}文章源自运维生存时间-https://www.ttlsa.com/memcache/memcached-description/